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 Voyager Space Holdingsaerospace superfinish  This includes steel in all of its many alloys, but also ceramic, plastic, monocrystalline silicon, cast iron, and non-ferrous metals

Low viscosity materials such as lacquers. Chemically accelerated vibratory finishing, henceforward referred to as superfinishing is routinely used on aerospace spiral bevel gears (AGMA Q12+). Paper Details. +1 2 48 3 49-94 50 +1 2 48 3 49-94 57 [email protected] key differences between the corrosion protection of electroless nickel vs zinc can be divided up like this: Electroless nickel is a more durable and long-lasting finish with higher hardness, which makes it more reliable in extremely corrosive and harsh environments. 77 Massachusetts Avenue Building 33-202 Cambridge MA, 02139. 8 Biillion. Multiple heads/spindles: The honing, superfinishing, or lapping machine has multiple heads to finish multiple. requirements. The business started in 1993 when. This impressive ride’s horsepower is cont. Superfinish K120. The numeric parameter – Ra. . Superfinishing is usually considered to be a process that creates a surface smoother than. Conduit, cable and wire management. Cleansurfacegroup-Superfinish. Sustainability · November 24, 2023. Article. 607-277-7070. It is on the grounds of the Victoria International Airport at 1910 Norseman Road on the east side of the airport. Microfinishing (superfinishing) is the ultimate abrasive process, allowing users to: Remove the amorphous surface layer (thermally damaged) caused by grinding. demands of aerospace gears dictate the stringent requirements<br /> placed upon the metallurgical quality, geometry, and surface<br /> finish of these components. Metal Finishing Technologies, LLC is a nationally recognized metal plating and metal finishing company that offers diversified metal finishing and surface preparation as well as a certified FAA repair station servicing the Automotive, Marine, Aerospace, Medical, Commercial and Electrical industries since 1947. Superfinish or Microfinish for high precision and later surface. An Isotropic Superfinish (ISF) is produced by a patented chemically accelerated vibratory finishing process using non-abrasive media that is capable of surface finishing hundreds of parts per hour. 6. The removal of this soft-skin is done by using a superfinishing abrasive film. The Faxon ION Ultralight 5. Our work focuses on harnessing. Services & Markets Served. It is the average roughness in the area between the roughness profile and its mean line. These include, but aren't limited to, L3Harris, Ball Aerospace, Boeing, Raytheon, Lockheed Martin and Aerojet Rocketdyne. For the purpose of this paper, the generalized aerospace definition of a surface having an Ra of < 4 µin (~0. Fluid temperature: 250 °C. S. With the completion of the new plant facility, we have expanded our capacity and capabilities to better serve existing and new. Since it’s cathodic to steel, flaws or nicks in the plate can lead to. Linkedin. The SuperFinish 23 Pro is a robust and durable airless paint sprayer. REM GmbH. ch. with a single machine both heavy rough and precise superfinish machinings can be carried out. Founded: 1995. Aerospace engineering is the primary field of concerned with the development of [3] It has two major and overlapping branches: aeronautical engineering and Avionics engineering is similar, but deals with the side of aerospace engineering. We rinse, clean, and etch every metal surface using a system of matched chemistries to ensure reliable structural bonding and paint adhesion. 05 kW. The flatness measurements were obtained with a Zygo surface analyzer, and. 2399198. SHOT PEENING. Several categories of screws are used in aircraft assembly, with different materials, coatings, screw heads, and designs. It is used when high-quality parts need to be finished as gently as possible. The story of our company is woven together from thousands of individual stories of engineers and technicians. Car and truck crankshafts. 1996 [11]. 8 Units conversion 9 Foreword 10 Slewing bearings 12 Common SKF slewing bearings 12 Single row four-point contact ball slewing bearings 12 Single row crossed cylindrical roller slewing bearings 14 Other SKF slewing bearings 14 Double row ball slewing bearingsThe specified superfinishing devices can be used on the rocker arms to superfinish the contact surfaces with the camshafts and valves. A 45 degree lead angle facemill will produce a finer finish. Latest. The isotropic superfinishing process refines carbon steel, stainless steel, titanium, and other alloy surfaces with non-hazardous, environmentally friendly chemicals. KG develops and produces custom machinery for precision surface machining. With tooth grinding, the resulting gear tooth finish is typically 16 RA, or 16 micro inches. 8, 0. Shore Blvd. A meeting of more than 100 countries on Friday agreed to an interim goal for emissions reductions from global aviation by 2030 by using less-polluting fuels. Superfinishing is a process in which a rotating workpiece is finished by a relatively soft stone with fine abrasive oscillating parallel to the workpiece surface. Superfinishing has reduced noise/ vibration/harshness in a number of gear applica tions. This rifle is designed to be ultra-lightweight and easy to handle, making it ideal for long-range shooting and precision target practice. Surface roughness is a calculation of the relative smoothness of a surface’s profile. The answer has to do with depths of cut. In combination with a wide range of automated solutions, these machines can finish surfaces on a wide variety of shafts. Learn what superfinishing is, what applications it should be used for and why you should take care when specifying surface finish parameters. The average base salary for aeronautical engineers, a similar job title, is $104,428 per year. A leader in high-performance specialty alloy-based materials and process solutions for critical applications in the aerospace, automotive, defense, energy, industrial, medical, and consumer electronics markets. An Isotropic Superfinish (ISF) is produced by a patented chemically accelerated vibratory finishing process using non-abrasive media that is capable of surface finishing hundreds of parts per hour. This surface roughness and surface texture is generated by the tool path and the abrasive cutting stone of the machine tool. It is this mission that has led to over 20 years of research and $22 million of competitive research and development funding for research and to validate our. Aerospace engineering is the primary field of engineering concerned with the design, development, testing, and production of aircraft, spacecraft, and related systems and equipment. ²Red: 180 mesh, extra fine; yellow: 100 mesh, fine; white: 50 mesh, medium. The unwinding of the tape is carried out by a speed-controlled motor. Most manufacturers see grinding and superfinishing as separate operations. 500+ Specialty Alloys. Courtesy of United Grinding An HVOF-coated aerospace part being ground on a Studer S-33 machine. Cryogenic Superfinish - Business Information. milling. Website. Innovative manufacturers are leaning on our team in emerging markets like batteries, electric vehicles, and drones to finish their critical components and meet the most stringent. LMT Tool Systems GmbH & Co. Characteristics of Aerospace Fasteners. Manufacturing and maintenance of rolls – solutions to various sectors of iron and steel industry for electrolytic tin plating and chrome plating lines, zinc electroplating lines, electro galvanizing. 19,20 The development of an effective form design is based on these considerations. As one of the four major machine tool shows in the world, it has attracted numerous exhibitors and visitors due to its significant influence and. The field has traditionally focused on problems related to atmospheric and space flight, with two major and overlapping branches: aeronautical engineering and. Read about Aerospace engineer salary. Jets, helicopters, and even spaceships are all part of this field. A. The tape is used once and so the finish result is 100% repeatable. Erickson. Metal Finishing Technologies, LLC is a nationally recognized source of Mil-P-27418 and AMS2424 sulfamate nickel plating services as well as a certified FAA repair station servicing the Automotive, Marine, Aerospace, Medical, Commercial and Electrical industries since 1947. 1 µm). Fuel systems, emissions and components. Quality Assurance & Control. Hembrug machines are among the most accurate in the world. Call our finishing experts today at 1-844-623-7998. For example, Sikorsky Aircraft Corp. The meaning of SUPERFINES is merchandise graded as superfine. Only an absolutely perfect surface guarantees longevity and low wear - and Supfina has the right solutions here. Aerospace actuators and motion control. · Surface reduction to mirror like finishes. The. Learn More Superfinishing, also known as micromachining, microfinishing, [1] and short-stroke honing, is a metalworking process that improves surface finish and workpiece geometry. Aerospace and mechanical engineering. Off the bat, Faxon uses what they call a “superfinish” on the body of the bolt carrier. The effect of an Isotropic Superfinish (ISF) on these failure modes is discussed in this paper. This includes steel in all of its many alloys, but also ceramic, plastic, monocrystalline silicon, cast iron, and non-ferrous metals. Typical applications for the SF-HP are large and heavy workpieces with a length of up to 650 mm, 650 mm diameter and a weight of 200 kg. Aerospace actuators and motion control. Your application. Additionally, the ISF™ superfinish can be of maximum benefit when applied to both complementary metal contact surfaces. The superfinishing process is suitable for any material that can be machined with geometrically undefined cutting edges. A carburizing, corrosion resistant steel wuth a case hardness in excess of HRC 60 combined with a tough, ductile core. Conduit, cable and wire management. 5100 / 3300. Website. 3405 community@indianaprecisiongrinding. PEEK superfinish grinding! We have experience in grinding plastic materials such as PEEK and other plastics. uses the process on its S-76C+ helicopter gearboxes, reducing noise from the second-stage bevel gears by 3. Aerospace engineers work on airplanes, space vehicles, aircraft, the development of space shuttles, satellite development, and even missile development and rockets. Headquarters: Denver, Colorado, United States. Graphically, Ra is the area between the roughness profile and its centerline divided by the evaluation length. According to the U. Request a Quote. CONTACT US. Back-up power, UPS, surge & IT power distribution. Aerospace engineering deals with engineering for air flight or space flight. ISOTROPIC SUPERFINISHING Via Volta n. 2. Screws are the most abundant fasteners in aerospace structures. Our HEA ProTip nozzles. Date Published: 11. <br><br>Aircraft types: <br><br>Boeing :. Data supplied by a customer is the basis for the comparison. 636. Liebherr slew drives are extremely low in service and fail-safe. The CSF, LLC REM™ ISF™ Superfinish Treatment Process Overview Well known to the aerospace and racing industries, The REM™ Surface Engineering Company has developed one of the best, most versatile superfinishing, or micro-polishing systems in the world, which holds a Department of Defense (DOD) certification, among others. The greatest possible flexibility when machining any raceway geometries. SUPERFINISH 23 PLUS HEA SPRAYPACK Compatto, leggero e robusto • Innovativa tecnologia airless a bassa pressione: fino al 55% in meno di overspray • Compatto: il più piccolo della sua categoria, mobile e leggero • Per lavori di emulsione di medie dimensioni • Robusto: ideale per un uso impegnativo in cantiere • PumpRunner: perfetto per un. Metal Finishing Technologies, LLC is a nationally recognized source of diversified metal finishing and surface preparation as well as a certified FAA repair station servicing the Automotive, Marine, Aerospace, Medical, Commercial and Electrical industries since 1947. European players contributed a combined revenue of $146 billion in 2019. 006 to 0. Design of Racing and High-Performance Engines 2004-2013. SURFACE FINISHING TECHNOLOGY FOR THE AEROSPACE INDUSTRY. 315-331-7680. Screw-machine and cold headed parts: Any parts where a. Sheet metal grinding involves the machining of essential components in highly complex drive systems, such as piston rings, clutch plates and other flat parts. The new family is based on the powerful and. The application of superfinish surface and its effect on the performance of optical instruments such as X-ray optics is experimentally carried out by R. Application fields: Precision General Engineering, Aerospace, Power Generation X axis from 6000 mm and over Y axis 1300 mm Z axis 2500 mm Spindle motor 60 kW / 600 Nm Axes feed rate 30 m/min Power milling heads. Thielenhaus Microfinish - The Pioneer for Precision. CIMT 2023 – Supfina hard-coated brake disc grinding technology. One of the standout features of the Faxon ION-X. finishing has been used to successfully superfinish high quality gears to a roughness average (R a) between 1. 3405 community@indianaprecisiongrinding. The isotropic superfinishing (ISF) process is used to repair the gear by. Pressure: 0. Experimental studies showed that superior surface integrity could be obtained using selected cutting conditions [12], [13]. For the purpose of this paper, the generalized aerospace definition of a surface having an Ra of < 4 µin (~0. 1. 1 μm, and micro-cutting with Ra = 0. Cookie. The idea behind this startup: Voyager Space Holding is an aviation and aerospace company that specializes in the space exploration industry. REM’s ISF Process is widely used in the aerospace, heavy equipment, medical and other industries due to its unparalleled range of. , is an aerospace and defense company founded in 1982. A finite element simulation demonstrated that residual stresses of hard turned surface can be changed to a better state by optimizing the. Whether single or interlinked, our machines provide the right solution. Nebiolo, "Isotropic Finishing of Helicopter and Turboprop Gearbox Components," Proc. +1 416-787-6109. Superfinishing reduces surface roughness with minimal material removal. View real-time stock prices and stock quotes for a full financial overview. welding super-finishing machine SL60. For the purpose of this paper, the generalized aerospace definition of a surface having an Ra of < 4 µin (~0. Metal Finishing Technologies prides itself on the high level of quality finishes we produce. $37,513 USD. Location. 0100. Precision Machining Plant. 5 Å. Aerosystems and aftermarket manufacturing, aerial firefighting, timber harvesting, powerline construction, defense air operations and. Nine Mile Road Novi, MI 48375, U. The guide didn’t tell me where it could be obtained but linked to another video that showed unique vendors. These pay ranges place aerospace engineers in the middle of all engineering. Established in 1951, Air Industries Company (AIC) is a well-established company that manufactures high-strength precision fasteners for top airframe, engine, missile, and spacecraft manufacturers. Therefore, in this paper, isotropic superfinishing shall be defined as a process that produces a non-directional surface texture via the removal of all grinding or machining lines while. Supfina 90. Jeff Schwarz. 9 Mile Rd. 634. For product details and orders, please use our online shop or our catalog as well. 2107 Longwood Drive Brenham, TX 77833 979-277-9703. The brand "Supfina" is born! Merger and creation of Supfina Grieshaber GmbH & Co KG. fødemængde 1,25 l/min / 1,2 l/min 1,6 l/min 2,6 l/min 4,3 l/min 4,3 l/minIsotropic Super-Finishing. A breakthrough on superfinishing of high loaded gears brings big cost savings into aerospace production High loaded gearboxes, such as reduction, propeller and helicopter gearboxes, they are counted as the highest loaded gearboxes with the highest precision in design, validation and manufacturing. The superparamagnetic property of the developed nanoabrasive is confirmed by alternative. or OEM automotive gears with an initial R a of 60 µin. Hydrostatic technology enables wear-free operation in the main spindle and slides. We are experts in developing customized finishing programs for all your parts or components. 41 µm). AMS2530 is an aerospace material specification that outlines the application of Tungsten Disulfide (WS2) thin lubrication film coating in a binder less impingement applied method that does not require a curing. Founded: 1970 Their story: Honeywell Aerospace manufactures essential power units, engines, software and visualization technologies for air travel and space exploration organizations. Major regional offices are located in Chantilly, Virginia and Colorado Springs, Colorado. SAVE TO FAVORITES. The lowest 10% make around $72,770, while the highest 10% earned around $171,220. Learn More Take a Virtual Tour. 99. What cannot be overlooked is the tremendous amount of effort and dedication of those working with aerospace companies to advance innovation. superfinish turning, including feed, cutting speed and. S. A toroidal cutter or copy mill can often leave a better finish than other insert geometries. Browse our growing library of resources including case studies, product brochures, technical data sheets, product selection guides and more. High Speed, Automatable Superfinishing of Rear-Axle Hypoid Gears. Founders: Dylan Taylor, Matthew Kuta. Rt, maximum roughness, varied evenly with. 29 October] 1888 – 23 December 1972) was a Russian and later Soviet aeronautical engineer known for his pioneering aircraft designs as the director of the Tupolev Design Bureau. Engineering prints call out a great many things in their attempt to make sure the part that gets made matches the designer’s intent. PMG ROLLERS : Conductor rolls of patented technology, furnace rolls, immersed rolls, top rolls, deflector rolls, tension rolls, bottom rolls. Our client needed to superfinish shock absorber piston rods with post chrome plating. Services & Markets Served. Aerospace Engineering, B. The result is a smooth, burnished surface that polishes to a mirror-like finish. Supfina Grieshaber GmbH & Co. / 48. Industry Aerospace & Defense. can be superfinished to a low surface roughness in approximately 1. To ensure that components are safe to handle later on, precise edge deburring is required. This is an engineered finish with the benefit of producing a low friction surface that will reduce rolling resistance and hence contact stresses. These springs are designed for circle track. This rifle is designed to be ultra-lightweight and easy to handle, making it ideal for long-range shooting and precision target practice. The highest quality is easily achieved, even for small batches and single parts. 1 μm can be achieved. 10. The stone typically oscillates at an amplitude of 1–4 mm and a frequency of 10–50 Hz; and it contacts the workpiece at light pressure, typically 0. Aeronautical engineering and aerospace engineering follow similar concepts, but they focus on different areas. The chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) process is one of the conventional technology involve with the development of superfine surfaces which are used for many advances optical and semiconductor applications such as aerospace [1], astronomical telescopes [2], extreme ultraviolet lithography systems [3], synchrotron. Tel. 1. Being a short distance from Washington, D. 5100 / 3300. Ph. Chemically accelerated vibratory finishing, henceforward referred to as superfinishing is routinely used on aerospace spiral bevel gears (AGMA Q12+). These new growth projects in Alabama’s aerospace/defense sector build on others launched in 2021, which involved new investment topping $220 million. Industries: Aerospace, Air Transportation, Space Travel. Metal Finishing Technologies prides itself on the high level of quality finishes we produce every day for the Aerospace industry. Superfinishing is a process in which a rotating workpiece is finished by a relatively soft stone with fine abrasive oscillating parallel to the workpiece surface. Achieve virtually any surface finish - Ra, Rz, Rt, Rpk, Bearing Area. Vertical machines are used to hone, micropolish, or superfinish long tubes, shafts, and parts with long bores. REM Surface Engineering's ISF Process Overview. V-Block, and Figure 4 for the surface the question whether or not one drop of Since aerospace gears lack rust pre- profile. 0 hour. Metal Finishing Technologies prides itself on the high level of quality. (The term aerospace is derived from the words aeronautics and spaceflight . Info@SuperiorAerospace. St. All functions of the attachment can be controlled by hand via a pneumatic control unit or via the machine control. One of these was the restoration of a 1937 Bugatti 57S. superfinish was shown to be superior in performance as compared to honed surfaces with similar R a values. Since our founding in 1988, Alloy Processing has remained focused on the principles of quality and workmanship setLow2no maintenance. If you are looking for expedited quoting, industry-best turn-around times, and the highest quality performance in metal finishing, Metal Finishing Technologies in Bristol CT is here to meet your needs! Fill out the form below and one of our team members will get back to you shortly. 860-582-9517. Mechanically-operated tools, in particular tools for machine tools, cutting tools with integrated or removable cutters of hard cutting materials, including drilling tools, boring and reboring tools, superfinish turning tools, friction tools, sink and countersink tools, turning tools, plug-in tools, thread cutting tools, milling toolsAverage salary: $113,724 per year. 1 µm) shall be applied to the term superfinish. To. Liquid. Chrome may be flashy, but its days in the sun. If you are looking for expedited quoting, industry-best turn-around times, and the highest quality performance in metal finishing, Metal Finishing Technologies in Bristol CT is here to meet your needs! As a result, high-velocity oxygen-fuel thermal spray coatings are replacing hard chrome on many aerospace parts. Impro started its precision machining operations on a leased premise in San Luis Potosi, Mexico in July, 2016 serving OEMs customers in automotive and industrial equipment industries. Most Aerospace Engineers work for aerospace parts manufacturers, with smaller percentages working for private research facilities and engineering firms. More than 250,000 words that. The shiny silver material of the five-layer sunshield that will fly aboard NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope is a complex and innovative feat of material science and engineering. 0. See Figure 1 for an example of a mirror-like isotropic superfinish. can be superfinished to a low surface roughness in. This bolt group features a full-auto design, is M16-compatible, and offers top-quality performance and durability. Love words? You must — there are over 200,000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that’s only in the Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary. For the superfinish processing of ground and finely turned surfaces, also for tapered roller bearings with small undercuts. • lnconel and other Aerospace Alloys • Titanium Machine Tool: Gears, bearings, shafts, bushings, spindles and slides. . What’s more, any workpiece with a coating — from tungsten carbide to chromium to copper. An integrated approach to rolling contact sub-surface fatigue assessment of railway wheels. Mon-Fri: 7:00am-5:00pm EST. The abrasive stone is slowly fed in radial direction while its oscillation is imparted in the axial direction. The Aerospace Corporation. Based on these experimental data, a residual. REVENUE (FY22) $1. Headquarters. Differentials and traction control. Rolling/Sliding Contact Fatigue testing shows that this commercial technology virtually eliminates contact fatigue (pitting) in gear test specimens. “We have the first supersonic engine in 55 years,” says Aerion’s Holloway. From 1972, the two companies began to cooperate and finally merged in 1995 to form the present Supfina Grieshaber GmbH & Co KG. With worm gear, spur gear and belt slew drives, the Liebherr portfolio includes a wide range of solutions for steering. The spraypacks are well complemented by nozzle extentions or the InlineRoller. net. Clutches and brakes. Honing is used to improve the geometry of a part, adjust the alignment of features such as holes or bores, and, in some cases, produce a specific surface finish on the interior bore. Aurora Flight Services. AMS2452. An Isotropic Superfinish (ISF) is produced by a patented chemically accelerated vibratory finishing process using non-abrasive media that is capable of surface finishing hundreds of parts per hour. By the late 1990s, both the military and the aerospace industries were studying various surfaceCapability to Hard Turn & Superfinish a wide range of parts. Data supplied by a customer is the basis for the. 0minRafinalsurfacefinish. More Locations. The rigid suction system allows the unit to suck the material directly from the original container. Car and truck crankshafts; Large crankshafts for industrial. for pipes. 1 µm) shall be applied to the term superfinish. Complete Guide to Surface Finish Charts, RA, RZ, Measurements, Callouts and Symbols. Andrei Nikolayevich Tupolev (Russian: Андрей Николаевич Туполев; 10 November [O. · Prevents micro and. 636. com 3101 Bertha Street Indianapolis, Indiana 46222 Phone: 317. The average annual salary in 2019 was $119,220. 67%), aerospace and. OSB SUPERFINISH® ECO is manufactured using a formaldehyde-Thielenhaus Superfinish Innovation AG St. · Increased lubrication retention and heat transfer. Quality. Unfortunately, the most meticulous. , Arlington is a popular location for many of the world's largest aerospace companies. 5%) works in many areas, including a large aerospace business. Industry Aerospace & Defense. Apply to Quality Technician, Metallurgical Engineer, Safety Engineer and more!Jun 23, 2016. is in the Cleantech and Aerospace markets, with a primary focus on commercial gas turbine efficiency through our IsoCool™ and MicroFire™ aftermarket gas turbine retrofit products for the Rolls-Royce Model 250 helicopter engine. At Impro, we use a variety of machining and casting techniques to produce aerospace components that meet industry standards and customer requirements. ☎ We will answer your questions: +1 248 349 9450. The fast-growing Defense segment demands the deployment of cutting-edge technologies to bring in modernization in the armed forces. Reliable use with a wide variety of materials is guaranteed thanks to its unique QLS long-stroke technology. With the superfinishing process, surface finish can be reduced to as little as 2 RA. Application Opens:The Aerospace Corporation: Who We Are. SpaceX. Figure 4: SEM example of an isotropic superfinish (Ra = ~0. Close Tolerance Super Finishing Services. Surface Finish Units From RA To RZ. Founded in 1956, the company values integrity, expertise and providing value to its customers. Over 350,000 slewing bearings and slew drives delivered worldwide are proof of Liebherr’s technological expertise. 860-582-9517. Graue et al. Boeing. The latter part of the paper deals at length with the metallurgy of surface finish, and the relation of surface finish to lubrication. A state-of-the-art isotropic superfinishing service can micro-polish a metal surface finish. Improves local finish on all metals. Product line Milling & Threading. – Use inserts with a larger radius. To understand how much of a surface is going to be available to distribute the load, consider the material bearing ratio (Rmr) of the surface. Gallerstraße 52 9548 Matzingen, Switzerland +41 (0) 5 23 76 26 20 +41 (0) 5 23 76 26 19 switzerland@thielenhaus. Services & Markets Served. or OEM automotive gears with an initial R a of 60 µin. ) The aerospace. Therefore, aerospace gears with an AGMA quality of Q12 or greater and an initial R a of 12 µin. Differentials and traction control. Thanks to their unique QLS LongStroke technology, they can reliably handle a broad bandwidth of materials from low-viscosity paints and lacquers to highviscosity corrosion protections. Bailey and Cook [3] demonstrated the advantages of using PCD drills in the aerospace industry. Let's take a closer look at these standout companies. All aerospace vehicles have to employ some kind of power transmission units and elements to transmit. The developed superpolished process for X-ray Mirror reduces the high. Hastelloy® C-276 is a very versatile nickel-molybdenum-chromium-tungsten alloy with excellent corrosion resistance and good fabricability. Optics that minimize scatter using ultra-low surface roughness are commonly referred to as “superpolished”.